THE
OF
THEOSOPHY
A Definitive Work on Theosophy
By
William Quan Judge
CHAPTER
14
Cycles
The doctrine of Cycles is one of the most important in
the whole theosophical system, though the least known and of all the one most
infrequently referred to.
Western investigators have for some centuries
suspected that events move in cycles, and a few of the writers in the field of
European literature have dealt with the subject, but all in a very incomplete
fashion. This incompleteness and want of accurate knowledge have been due to
the lack of belief in spiritual
things and the desire to square everything with
materialistic science. Nor do I pretend to give the cyclic law in full, for it
is one that is not given out in detail by the Masters of Wisdom. But enough has
been divulged, and enough was for a long time known to the Ancients to add
considerably to our knowledge.
A cycle is a ring or turning, as the derivation of the
word indicates. The corresponding words in the Sanskrit are Yuga, Kalpa,
Manvantara, but of these yuga comes nearest to cycle, as it is lesser in
duration than the others. The beginning of a cycle must be a moment, that added
to other moments makes a day, and those added together constitute months,
years, decades, and centuries.
Beyond this the West hardly goes. It recognizes the
moon cycle and the great sidereal one, but looks at both and upon the others
merely as periods of time. If we are to consider them as but lengths of time
there is no profit except to the dry student or to the astronomer. And in this
way today they are regarded by
European and American thinkers, who say cycles exist
but have no very great bearing on human life and certainly no bearing on the
actual recurrence of events or the reappearance on the stage of life of persons
who once lived in the world.
The theosophical theory is distinctly otherwise, as it
must be if it carries out the doctrine of reincarnation to which in preceding
pages a good deal of attention has been given. Not only are the cycles named
actual physical facts in respect to time, but they and other periods have a
very great effect on human life and the evolution of the globe with all the
forms of life thereon.
Starting with the moment and proceeding through a day,
this theory erects the cycle into a comprehensive ring which includes all in
its limits. The moment being the basis, the question to be settled in respect
to the great cycles is,
When did the first moment come? This cannot be
answered, but it can be said that the truth is held by the ancient theosophists
to be that at the first moments of the solidification of this globe the mass of
matter involved attained a certain and definite rate of vibration which will
hold through all variations in any part of it until its hour for dissolution
comes. These rates of vibration are
what determine the different cycles, and, contrary to
the ideas of western science, the doctrine is that the solar system and the
globe we are now on will come to an end when the force behind the whole mass of
seen and unseen matter has reached its limit of duration under cyclic law. Here
our doctrine is again different from both the religious and scientific one.
We do not admit that the ending of the force is the
withdrawal by a God of his protection, nor the sudden propulsion by him of
another force against the globe, but that the force at work and determining the
great cycle is that of man himself considered as a spiritual being; when he is
done using the globe he leaves it, and then with him goes out the force holding
all together; the consequence is dissolution by fire or water or what not,
these phenomena being simply effects and not causes.
The ordinary scientific speculations on this head are
that the earth may fall into the sun, or that a comet of density may destroy
the globe, or that we may collide with a greater planet known or unknown. These
dreams are idle for the present.
Reincarnation being the great law of life and
progress, it is interwoven with that of the cycles and karma. These three work
together, and in practice it is almost impossible to disentangle reincarnation
from cyclic law. Individuals and nations in definite streams return in
regularly recurring periods to the earth,
and thus bring back to the globe the arts, the
civilization, the very persons who once were on it at work. And as the units in
nation and race are connected together by invisible strong threads, large
bodies of such units moving slowly but surely all together reunite at different
times and emerge again and again
together into new race and new civilization as the
cycles roll their appointed rounds.
Therefore the souls who made the most ancient
civilizations will come back and bring the old civilization with them in idea
and essence, which being added to what others have done for the development of
the human race in its character and knowledge will produce a new and higher
state of civilization.
This newer and better development will not be due to
books, to records, to arts or mechanics, because all those are periodically
destroyed so far as physical evidence goes, but the soul ever retaining in
Manas the knowledge it once gained and always pushing to completer development
the higher principles and powers, the essence of progress remains and will as
surely come out as the sun shines.
And along this road are the points when the small and
large cycles of Avatars bring out for man's benefit the great characters who
mould the race from time to time.
The Cycle of Avatars includes several smaller ones.
The greater are those marked by the appearance of Rama and Krishna among the
Hindus, of Menes among the Egyptians, of Zoroaster among the Persians, and of
Buddha to the Hindus and other nations of the East. Buddha is the last of the
great Avatars and is in a larger cycle than is Jesus of the Jews, for the
teachings of the latter are the same as those of Buddha and tinctured with what
Buddha had taught to those who instructed Jesus. Another great Avatar is yet to
come, corresponding to Buddha and Krishna combined. Krishna and Rama were of
the military, civil, religious, and occult order; Buddha of the ethical,
religious, and mystical, in which be was followed by Jesus; Mohammed was a
minor intermediate one for a certain part of the race, and was civil, military,
and religious. In these cycles we can include mixed characters who have had
great influence on nations, such as King Arthur, Pharaoh, Moses, Charlemagne
reincarnated as Napoleon Bonaparte, Clovis of France reborn as Emperor Frederic
III of Germany, and Washington the first President of the United States of
America where the root for the new race is being formed.
At the intersection of the great cycles dynamic
effects follow and alter the surface of the planet by reason of the shifting of
the poles of the globe or other convulsion. This is not a theory generally
acceptable, but we hold it to be true. Man is a great dynamo, making, storing,
and throwing out energy, and when masses of men composing a race thus make and distribute
energy, there is a resulting dynamic effect on the material of the globe which
will be powerful enough to be distinct and cataclysmic. That there have been
vast and awful disturbances in the strata of the world is admitted on every
hand and now needs
no proof; these have been due to earthquakes and ice
formation so far as concerns geology; but in respect to animal forms the cyclic
law is that certain animal forms now extinct and also certain human ones not
known but sometimes suspected will return again in their own cycle; and certain
human languages now known as dead will be in use once more at their appointed
cyclic hour.
"The Metonic cycle is that of the Moon. It is a
period of about nineteen years, which being completed the new and the full
moons return on the same days of the month."
"The cycle of the Sun is a period of twenty eight
years, which having elapsed the Dominical or Sunday letters return to their
former place and proceed in the former order according to the Julian
calendar."
The great Sidereal year is the period taken by the
equinoctial points to make in their precession a complete revolution of the
heavens. It is composed of 25,868 solar years almost. It is said that the last
sidereal year ended about 9,868 years ago, at which time there must have been
on this earth a violent convulsion
or series of such, as well as distributions of
nations. The completion of this grand period brings the earth into newer spaces
of the cosmos, not in respect to its own orbit, but by reason of the actual
progress of the sun in an orbit of its own that cannot be measured by any
observer of the present day, but which is guessed at by some and located in one
of the constellations.
Affecting man especially are the spiritual, psychic,
and moral cycles, and out of these grow the national, racial, and individual
cycles. Race and national cycles are both historical. The individual cycles are
of reincarnation, of sensation, and of impression. The length of the individual
reincarnation cycle
for the general mass of men is fifteen hundred years,
and this in its turn gives us a large historical cycle related closely to the
progress of civilization.
For as the masses of persons return from devachan, it
must follow that the Roman, the Greek, the old Aryan, and other Ages will be
seen again and can to a very great extent be plainly traced. But man is also
affected by astronomical cycles
because he is an integral part of the whole, and these
cycles mark the periods when mankind as a whole will undergo a change.
In the sacred books of all nations these are often
mentioned, and are in the Bible of the Christians, as, for instance, in the
story of Jonah in the belly of the whale. This is an absurdity when read as
history, but not so as an astronomical cycle. "Jonah" is in the
constellations, and when that astronomical point which represents man reaches a
point in the Zodiac which is directly opposite the belly of Cetus or the whale
on the other side of the circle, by what is known as the process of opposition,
then Jonah is said to be in the center of the fish and is "thrown
out" at the expiration of the period when that man-point has passed so far
along in the Zodiac as to be out of opposition to the whale. Similarly as the
same point moves thus through the Zodiac it is brought by opposition into the
different constellations that are exactly opposite from century to century
while it moves along.
During these progresses changes take place among men
and on
earth exactly signified by the constellations when
those are read according to the right rules of symbology. It is not claimed
that the conjunction causes the effect, but that ages ago the Masters of Wisdom
worked out all the problems in respect to man and found in the heavens the
means for knowing the exact dates
when events are sure to recur, and then by imprinting
in the minds of older nations the symbology of the Zodiac were able to preserve
the record and the prophecy.
Thus in the same way that a watchmaker can tell the
hour by the
arrival of the hands or the works of the watch at
certain fixed points, the Sages can tell the hour for events by the Zodiacal
clock. This is not of course believed today, but it will be well understood in
future centuries, and as the nations of the earth have all similar symbols in
general for the Zodiac, and as
also the records of races long dead have the same, it
is not likely that the vandal-spirit of the western nineteenth century will be
able to efface this valuable heritage of our evolution. In Egypt the Denderah
Zodiac tells the same tale as that one left to us by the old civilization of
the American continent, and all of these are from the same source, they are the
work of the Sages who
come at the beginning of the great human cycle and
give to man when he begins his toilsome ascent up the road of development those
great symbols and ideas of an astronomical character which will last through
all the cycles.
In regard to great cataclysms occurring at the
beginning and ending of the great cycles, the main laws governing the effects
are those of Karma and Reimbodiment, or Reincarnation, proceeding under cyclic
rule. Not only is man ruled by these laws, but every atom of matter as well,
and the mass of matter is constantly undergoing a change at the same time with
man. It must therefore exhibit alterations corresponding to those through which
the thinker is going.
On the physical plane effects are brought out through
the electrical and other fluids acting with the gases on the solids of the
globe. At the change of a great cycle they reach what may be termed the
exploding point and cause violent convulsions of the following classes:
(a) Earthquakes
(b) Floods
(c) Fire
(d) Ice
Earthquakes may be brought on according to this
philosophy by two general causes; first, subsidence or elevation under the
earth-crust due to heat and steam, second, electrical and magnetic changes
which affect water and earth at the same time. These last have the power to
instantaneously make the earth
fluidic without melting it, thus causing immense and
violent displacements in large or small waves. And this effect is sometimes
seen now in earthquake districts when similar electrical causes are at work in
a smaller measure.
Floods of general extent are caused by displacement of
water from the subsidence or elevation of land, and by those combined with
electrical change which induces a copious discharge of moisture. The latter is
not a mere emptying of a cloud, but a sudden turning of vast bodies of fluids
and solids into water.
Universal fires come on from electrical and magnetic
changes in the atmosphere by which the moisture is withdrawn from the air and
the latter turned into a fiery mass; and, secondly, by the sudden expansion of
the solar magnetic center into seven such centers, thus burning the globe.
Ice cataclysms come on not only from the sudden
alteration of the poles but also from lowered temperature due to the alteration
of the warm fluid currents in the sea and the hot magnetic currents in the
earth, the first being known to science, the latter not. The lower stratum of
moisture is suddenly frozen, and vast tracts of land covered in a night with
many feet of ice. This can easily happen to the British Isles if the warm
currents of the ocean are diverted from its shores.
Both Egyptians and Greeks had their cycles, but in our
opinion derived them from the Indian Sages. The Chinese always were a nation of
astronomers, and have recorded observations reaching far back of the Christian
era, but as they belong to an old race which is doomed to extinction -- strange
as the assertion may appear -- their conclusions will not be correct for the
Aryan races.
On the coming of the Christian era a heavy pall of
darkness fell on the minds of men in the West, and India was for many centuries
isolated so as to preserve these great ideas during the mental night of Europe.
This isolation was brought about
deliberately as a necessary precaution taken by that
great Lodge to which I adverted in Chapter I, because its Adepts, knowing the
cyclic laws perfectly, wished to preserve philosophy for future generations. As
it would be mere pedantry and
speculation to discuss the unknown Saros and Naros and
other cycles of the Egyptians, I will give the Brahmanical ones, since they
tally almost exactly with the correct periods.
A period or exhibition of universal manifestation is
called a Brahmanda, that is a complete life of Brahma, and Brahma's life is
made of his days and years, which, being cosmical are each of immense duration.
His day is as man's 24 odd hours long, his year 360 odd days, the number of his
years is 100.
Taking now this globe -- since we are concerned with
no other -- its government and evolution proceed under Manu or man and from
this is the term Manvantara or "between two Manus." The course of
evolution is divided into four Yugas for every race in its own time and way.
These Yugas do not affect all mankind at one and the same time, as some races
are in one of the Yugas while others are in a different cycle.
The Red Indian, for instance, is in the end of his
stone age, while the Aryans are in quite a different state. These four Yugas
are: Krita, or Satya, the golden; Treta; Dvapara; and Kali or the black. The
present age for the West and India is Kali Yuga, especially in respect to moral
and spiritual development. The first of these is slow in comparison with the
rest, and the
present -- Kali -- is very rapid, its motion being
accelerated precisely like certain astronomical periods known today in regard
to the Moon, but not fully worked out.
TABLEMORTAL YEARS
360 (odd) mortal days make1
Krita Yuga has 1,728,000
Treta Yuga has1,296,000
Dvapara Yuga has864,000
Kali Yuga has 432,000
Maha Yuga, or
the four preceding, has4,320,000
71 Maha Yugas form the reign of one Manu, or
306,720,000
14 Manus are4,294,080,000
Add the dawns or twilights between each Manu
25,920,000
These reigns and dawns make 1000 Maha Yugas, a Kalpa,
or Day of Brahma 4,320,000,000
Brahma's Night equals his Day and Night together make
8,640,000,000
360 of these Days make Brahma's Year3,110,400,000,000
100 of these Years make Brahma's
Life311,040,000,000,000
The first 5000 years of Kali Yuga will end between the
years 1897 and 1898.
This Yuga began about 3102 years before the Christian
era, at the time of Krishna's death.
As 1897-98 are not far off, the scientific men of
today will have an opportunity of seeing whether the close of the five thousand
year cycle will be preceded or followed by any convulsions or great changes
political, scientific, or physical, or all of these combined. Cyclic changes
are now proceeding as year after year the souls from prior civilizations are
being incarnated in this period when liberty of thought and action are not so
restricted in the West as they have been in the past by dogmatic religious
prejudice and bigotry. And at the present time we are in a cycle of transition,
when, as a transition period should indicate, everything in philosophy,
religion, and society is changing. In a transition period the full and complete
figures and rules respecting cycles are not given out to a generation which
elevates money above all thoughts and scoffs at the spiritual view of man and
nature.
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Elementary Theosophy Who is the Man? Body and Soul
Body, Soul and Spirit Reincarnation Karma
Nature is infinite in space and time --
boundless and eternal, unfathomable and ineffable. The all-pervading essence of
infinite nature can be called space, consciousness, life, substance, force,
energy, divinity -- all of which are fundamentally one.
2) The finite and the infinite
Nature is a unity in diversity, one in essence,
manifold in form. The infinite whole is composed of an infinite number of
finite wholes -- the relatively stable and autonomous things (natural systems
or artefacts) that we observe around us. Every natural system is not only a
conscious, living, substantial entity, but is consciousness-life-substance, of
a particular range of density and form. Infinite nature is an abstraction, not
an entity; it therefore does not act or change and has no attributes. The
finite, concrete systems of which it is composed, on the other hand, move and
change, act and interact, and possess attributes. They are composite,
inhomogeneous, and ultimately transient.
3) Vibration/worlds within worlds
The one essence manifests not only in
infinitely varied forms, and on infinitely varied scales, but also in
infinitely varying degrees of spirituality and substantiality, comprising an
infinite spectrum of vibration or density. There is therefore an endless series
of interpenetrating, interacting worlds within worlds, systems within systems.
The energy-substances of higher planes or
subplanes (a plane being a particular range of vibration) are relatively more
homogeneous and less differentiated than those of lower planes or subplanes.
Just as boundless space is comprised of
endless finite units of space, so eternal duration is comprised of endless
finite units of time. Space is the infinite totality of worlds within worlds,
but appears predominantly empty because only a tiny fraction of the
energy-substances composing it are perceptible and tangible to an entity at any
particular moment. Time is a concept we use to quantify the rate at which
events occur; it is a function of
change and motion, and presupposes a
succession of cause and effect. Every entity is extended in space and changes
'in time'.
All change (of position, substance, or
form) is the result of causes; there is no such thing as absolute chance.
Nothing can happen for no reason at all for nothing exists in isolation;
everything is part of an intricate web of causal interconnections and
interactions. The keynote of nature is harmony: every action is automatically
followed by an equal and opposite reaction, which sooner or later rebounds upon
the originator of the initial act. Thus, all our thoughts and deeds will
eventually bring us 'fortune' or 'misfortune' according to the degree to which
they were harmonious or disharmonious. In the long term, perfect justice
prevails in nature.
Because nature is fundamentally one, and
the same basic habits and structural, geometric, and evolutionary principles
apply throughout, there are correspondences between microcosm and macrocosm.
The principle of analogy -- as above, so below -- is a vital tool in our
efforts to understand reality.
All finite systems and their attributes are
relative. For any entity, energy-substances vibrating within the same range of
frequencies as its outer body are 'physical' matter, and finer grades of
substance are what we call energy, force, thought, desire, mind, spirit,
consciousness, but these are just as material to entities on the corresponding
planes as our physical world is to us. Distance and time units are also
relative: an atom is a solar system on its own scale, reembodying perhaps
millions of times in what for us is one second, and our whole galaxy may be a
molecule in some supercosmic entity, for which a million of our years is just a
second. The range of scale is infinite: matter-consciousness is both infinitely
divisible and infinitely aggregative.
All natural systems consist of smaller
systems and form part of larger systems. Hierarchies extend both 'horizontally'
(on the same plane) and 'vertically' or inwardly (to higher and lower planes).
On the horizontal level, subatomic particles form atoms, which combine into
molecules, which arrange themselves into cells, which form tissues and organs,
which form part of organisms, which form part of ecosystems, which form part of
planets, solar systems, galaxies, etc. The constitution of worlds and of the
organisms that inhabit them form 'vertical' hierarchies, and can be divided
into several interpenetrating layers or elements, from physical-astral to
psychomental to spiritual-divine, each of which can be further divided.
The human constitution can be divided up in
several different ways: e.g. into a trinity of body, soul, and spirit; or into
7 'principles' -- a lower quaternary consisting of physical body, astral
model-body, life-energy, and lower thoughts and desires, and an upper triad
consisting of higher mind (reincarnating ego), spiritual intuition, and inner
god. A planet or star can be regarded as a 'chain' of 12 globes, existing on 7
planes, each globe comprising several subplanes.
The highest part of every multilevelled
organism or hierarchy is its spiritual summit or 'absolute', meaning a
collective entity or 'deity' which is relatively perfected in relation to the
hierarchy in question. But the most 'spiritual' pole of one hierarchy is the
most 'material' pole of the next, superior hierarchy, just as the lowest pole
of one hierarchy is the highest pole of the one below.
Each level of a hierarchical system
exercises a formative and organizing influence on the lower levels (through the
patterns and prototypes stored up from past cycles of activity), while the
lower levels in turn react upon the higher. A system is therefore formed and
organized mainly from within outwards, from the inner levels of its
constitution, which are relatively more enduring and developed than the outer
levels. This inner guidance is sometimes active and selfconscious, as in our
acts of free will (constrained, however, by karmic tendencies from the past),
and sometimes it is automatic and passive, giving rise to our own automatic
bodily functions and habitual and instinctual behavior, and to the orderly,
lawlike operations of nature in general. The 'laws' of nature are therefore the
habits of the various grades of conscious entities that compose reality,
ranging from higher intelligences
(collectively forming the universal mind) to elemental nature-forces.
10) Consciousness and its vehicles
The core of every entity -- whether atom,
human, planet, or star -- is a monad, a unit of consciousness-life-substance,
which acts through a series of more material vehicles or bodies. The monad or
self in which the consciousness of a particular organism is focused is animated
by higher monads and expresses itself through a series of lesser monads, each
of which is the nucleus of one of the lower vehicles of the entity in question.
The following monads can be distinguished: the divine or galactic monad, the
spiritual or solar monad, the higher human or planetary-chain monad, the lower
human or globe monad, and the animal, vital-astral, and physical monads. At our
present stage of evolution, we are essentially the lower human monad, and our
task is to raise our consciousness from the animal-human to the spiritual-human
level of it.
Evolution means the unfolding, the bringing
into active manifestation, of latent powers and faculties 'involved' in a
previous cycle of evolution. It is the building of ever fitter vehicles for the
expression of the mental and spiritual powers of the monad. The more
sophisticated the lower vehicles of an entity, the greater their ability to
express the powers locked up in the higher levels of its constitution. Thus all
things are alive and conscious, but the degree of manifest life and
consciousness is extremely varied.
Evolution results from the interplay of
inner impulses and environmental stimuli. Ever building on and modifying the
patterns of the past, nature is infinitely creative.
12) Cyclic evolution/re-embodiment
Cyclic evolution is a fundamental habit of
nature. A period of evolutionary activity is followed by a period of rest. All
natural systems evolve through re-embodiment. Entities are born from a seed or
nucleus remaining from the previous evolutionary cycle of the monad, develop to
maturity, grow old, and pass away, only to re-embody in a new form after a
period of rest. Each new embodiment is the product of past karma and present
choices.
Nothing comes from nothing: matter and
energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed. Everything
evolves from preexisting material. The growth of the body of an organism is
initiated on inner planes, and involves the transformation of higher
energy-substances into lower, more material ones, together with the attraction
of matter from the environment.
When an organism has exhausted the store of
vital energy with which it is born, the coordinating force of the indwelling
monad is withdrawn, and the organism 'dies', i.e. falls apart as a unit, and
its constituent components go their separate ways. The lower vehicles decompose
on their respective subplanes, while, in the case of humans, the reincarnating
ego enters a dreamlike state of rest and assimilates the experiences of the
previous incarnation. When the time comes for the next embodiment, the
reincarnating ego clothes itself in many of the same atoms of different grades
that it had used previously, bearing the appropriate karmic impress. The same
basic processes of birth, death, and
rebirth apply to all entities, from atoms to humans to stars.
14) Evolution and involution of worlds
Worlds or spheres, such as planets and
stars, are composed of, and provide the field for the evolution of, 10 kingdoms
-- 3 elemental kingdoms, mineral, plant, animal, and human kingdoms, and 3
spiritual kingdoms. The impulse for a new manifestation of a world issues from
its spiritual summit or hierarch, from which emanate a series of steadily
denser globes or planes; the One expands into the many. During the first half
of the evolutionary cycle (the arc of descent) the energy-substances of each
plane materialize or condense, while during the second half (the arc of ascent)
the trend is towards dematerialization or etherealization, as globes and
entities are reabsorbed into the spiritual hierarch for a period of nirvanic
rest. The descending arc is characterized by the evolution of matter and
involution of spirit, while the ascending arc is characterized by the evolution
of spirit and involution of matter.
In each grand cycle of evolution,
comprising many planetary embodiments, a monad begins as an unselfconsciousness
god-spark, embodies in every kingdom of nature for the purpose of gaining
experience and unfolding its inherent faculties, and ends the cycle as a self
conscious god. Elementals ('baby monads') have no free choice, but
automatically act in harmony with one another and the rest of nature. In each
successive kingdom differentiation and individuality increase, and reach their
peak in the human kingdom with the attainment of selfconsciousness and a large
measure of free will.
In the human kingdom in particular,
self-directed evolution comes into its own. There is no superior power granting
privileges or handing out favours; we evolve according to our karmic merits and
demerits. As we progress through the spiritual kingdoms we become increasingly
at one again with nature, and willingly 'sacrifice' our circumscribed
selfconscious freedoms (especially the freedom to 'do our own thing') in order
to work in peace and harmony with the greater whole of which we form an
integral part. The highest gods of one hierarchy or world-system begin as
elementals in the next. The matter of any plane is composed of aggregated,
crystallized monads in their nirvanic sleep, and the spiritual and divine
entities embodied as planets and stars are the electrons and atomic nuclei --
the material building blocks -- of worlds on even larger scales. Evolution is
without beginning and without end, an endless adventure through the fields of
infinitude, in which there are always new worlds of experience in which to
become selfconscious masters of life.
There is no absolute separateness in
nature. All things are made of the same essence, have the same spiritual-divine
potential, and are interlinked by magnetic ties of sympathy. It is impossible
to realize our full potential, unless we recognize the spiritual unity of all
living beings and make universal brotherhood the keynote of our lives.
Hey Look!
Theosophy in Cardiff
Guide to the
Theosophy Wales King Arthur Pages
Arthur draws the Sword from the Stone
The Knights of The Round Table
The Roman Amphitheatre at Caerleon,
Eamont Bridge, Nr Penrith, Cumbria, England.
Geoffrey of Monmouth
(History of the Kings of Britain)
The reliabilty of this work has long been a subject of
debate but it is the first definitive account of Arthur’s
Reign
and one which puts Arthur in a historcal context.
and his version’s political agenda
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth
The first written mention of Arthur as a heroic figure
The British leader who fought twelve battles
King Arthur’s ninth victory at
The Battle of the City of the Legion
King Arthur ambushes an advancing Saxon
army then defeats them at Liddington Castle,
Badbury, Near Swindon, Wiltshire, England.
King Arthur’s twelfth and last victory against the Saxons
Traditionally Arthur’s last battle in which he was
mortally wounded although his side went on to win
No contemporary writings or accounts of his life
but he is placed 50 to 100 years after the accepted
King Arthur period. He refers to Arthur in his inspiring
poems but the earliest written record of these dates
from over three hundred years after Taliesin’s death.
Pendragon Castle
Mallerstang Valley, Nr Kirkby Stephen,
A 12th Century Norman ruin on the site of what is
reputed to have been a stronghold of Uther Pendragon
From
wise child with no earthly father to
Megastar
of Arthurian Legend
History of the Kings of Britain
Drawn from the Stone or received from the Lady of the Lake.
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur has both versions
with both swords called Excalibur. Other versions
5th & 6th Century Timeline of Britain
From the departure of the Romans from
Britain to the establishment of sizeable
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
Glossary of
Arthur’s uncle:- The puppet ruler of the Britons
controlled and eventually killed by Vortigern
Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. Circa 450CE
An alleged massacre of Celtic Nobility by the Saxons
History of the Kings of Britain
Athrwys / Arthrwys
King of Ergyng
Circa 618 - 655 CE
Latin: Artorius; English: Arthur
A warrior King born in Gwent and associated with
Caerleon, a possible Camelot. Although over 100 years
later that the accepted Arthur period, the exploits of
Athrwys may have contributed to the King Arthur Legend.
He became King of Ergyng, a kingdom between
Gwent and Brycheiniog (Brecon)
Angles under Ida seized the Celtic Kingdom of
Bernaccia in North East England in 547 CE forcing
Although much later than the accepted King Arthur
period, the events of Morgan Bulc’s 50 year campaign
to regain his kingdom may have contributed to
Old Welsh: Guorthigirn;
Anglo-Saxon: Wyrtgeorn;
Breton: Gurthiern; Modern Welsh; Gwrtheyrn;
*********************************
An earlier ruler than King Arthur and not a heroic figure.
He is credited with policies that weakened Celtic Britain
to a point from which it never recovered.
Although there are no contemporary accounts of
his rule, there is more written evidence for his
existence than of King Arthur.
How Sir Lancelot slew two giants,
From Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur
How Sir Lancelot rode disguised
in Sir Kay's harness, and how he
From Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur
How Sir Lancelot jousted against
four knights of the Round Table,
From Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur
Try these if you are looking for a local
Theosophy Group or Centre
UK Listing of Theosophical Groups
Cardiff
Theosophical Society in Wales
Cardiff, Wales, UK. CF24 – 1DL
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Cardiff Picture Gallery
Cardiff
Millennium Stadium
The Hayes Cafe
Outside Cardiff Castle Circa 1890
Church Street
Cardiff View
Royal
The Original
Norman Castle which stands inside
the Grounds of
the later
Inside the
Grounds at
Cardiff Street
Entertainment
Cardiff Indoor
Market
Cardiff
Theosophical Society in Wales